ChatGPT의 기초간호학교육 활용 가능성 평가

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the applicability of ChatGPT in biological nursing science education. Methods: This study was conducted by entering questions about the field of biological nursing science into ChatGPT versions GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 and evaluating the answers. Three questions each related to microbiology and pharmacology were entered, and the generated content was analyzed to determine its applicability to the field of biological nursing science. The questions were of a level that could be presented to nursing students as written test questions. Results: The answers generated in English had 100.0% accuracy in both GPT-3.5 and GPT-4. For the sentences generated in Korean, the accuracy rate of GPT-3.5 was 62.7%, and that of GPT-4 was 100.0%. The total number of Korean sentences in GPT-3.5 was 51, while the total number of Korean sentences in GPT-4 was 68. Likewise, the total number of English sentences in GPT-3.5 was 70, while the total number of English sentences in GPT-4 was 75. This showed that even for the same Korean or English question, GPT-4 tended to be more detailed than GPT-3.5. Conclusion: This study confirmed the advantages of ChatGPT as a tool to improve understanding of various complex concepts in the field of biological nursing science. However, as the answers were based on data collected up to 2021, a guideline reflecting the most up-to-date information is needed. Further research is needed to develop a reliable and valid scale to evaluate ChatGPT’s responses.


GPT-3.5와 GPT-4의 생성 답변 정확도 평가
GPT-3.5가 생성한 국문과 영문 답변, GPT-4가 생성한 국문과 영문 답변의 정확도 결과는    Procedure: Prepare a bacterial smear by placing a drop of water on a clean glass slide, then using a sterile loop to transfer a small amount of bacterial culture onto the slide. Spread the bacteria evenly over the slide, and let it air dry. Fix the bacteria to the slide by passing it over a flame 2-3 times, or by using a gentle heat source such as a slide warmer. Flood the slide with crystal violet and let it sit for 1 minute. This will stain all bacterial cells. Rinse the slide with water, then flood it with Gram's iodine and let it sit for 1 minute. This will form a complex between the crystal violet and iodine, which makes the cells more resistant to decolorization. Rinse the slide with water, then decolorize the cells with ethanol or alcohol for 10-30 seconds. This will selectively remove the crystal violet-iodine complex from Gram-negative cells, but not from Gram-positive cells.
Rinse the slide with water, then counterstain the cells with safranin for 1 minute. This will stain Gram-negative cells red, while Gram-positive cells will remain purple.
Rinse the slide with water, blot dry, and examine under the microscope at 1000x magnification. Interpretation: Gram-positive bacteria appear purple because they retain the crystal violet-iodine complex in their thick peptidoglycan cell walls. Gram-negative bacteria appear red because they do not retain the crystal violet-iodine complex due to their thin peptidoglycan cell walls and outer membrane. Gram-variable bacteria may appear as a mix of purple and red cells due to differences in their cell wall thickness or composition. In conclusion, the Gram staining method is a widely used technique in microbiology to quickly identify bacterial species based on their cell wall characteristics. It is a simple, cost-effective, and reliable method that can provide important information for the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections.

(영문 답변) Gram Staining Method Summary (A4 one page)
The Gram staining method is a widely used bacterial classification technique in microbiology. It was developed in 1884 by Danish scientist Hans Christian Gram (1843Gram ( -1938. Gram staining allows for the differentiation of bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative groups, which helps in understanding important characteristics such as bacterial structure and susceptibility to antibiotics.
The Gram staining method involves the following steps: Sample preparation: Spread the bacteria uniformly on a clean slide and apply heat to fix it in place.
Crystal violet staining: Add crystal violet dye to the slide, allowing it to stain the bacterial cell walls. Allow it to sit for about 1 minute before rinsing with water.
Iodine treatment: Add Gram's iodine solution to the slide, causing the crystal violet to bind with the iodine and form large complexes. These complexes further stain the cell walls. Allow it to sit for about 1 minute before rinsing with water.
Decolorization with alcohol or acetone: Add alcohol or acetone to the slide to remove the dye based on the cell wall structure. The cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria, being thinner and composed of various lipids, lose the dye during this process. Counterstaining: Add safranin dye to the slide to replace the lost dye and stain the Gram-negative bacteria red. Allow it to sit for 1-2 minutes before rinsing with water.
Observation and interpretation: Observe the stained bacteria under a light microscope and interpret the results. Gram-positive bacteria appear purple, while Gram-negative bacteria appear red. This color difference is due to the differences in cell wall structure, which allows for the distinction between the two groups.
The Gram staining method offers several advantages. It allows for a rapid and simple differentiation of bacteria and can be carried out with relatively inexpensive experimental materials. Moreover, the distinction between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria allows for inferences about basic biological characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility.
However, there are some limitations to Gram staining. Not all bacteria can be classified as Gram-positive or Gram-negative, and some bacteria are difficult or impossible to stain. For example, bacteria like Mycobacterium have cell walls containing mycolic acid, a wax-like substance, making them difficult to distinguish with standard Gram staining. In such cases, specialized staining techniques are required.
Additionally, the Gram staining method only classifies bacteria into two categories and does not provide information on specific bacterial species. Therefore, while Gram staining is useful for initial classification, additional experiments and tests are required for more accurate identification.
In summary, the Gram staining method is a microbiological technique that classifies bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative groups. It is a quick and simple method that helps in understanding important bacterial characteristics. However, for some bacteria, staining may be difficult or impossible, and additional experiments and tests are needed for more accurate identification. (영문 답변) Autoclaving is a sterilization method that uses high pressure and high temperature steam to kill microorganisms. It is commonly used in medical and laboratory settings to sterilize instruments, glassware, and other items that may come into contact with biological samples. During the autoclaving process, items are placed in a chamber and exposed to steam at a temperature of around 121°C and pressure of around 15 psi for a specified amount of time, typically 15-20 minutes. This process destroys all forms of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Autoclaving is a reliable and efficient method of sterilization, and it is widely used due to its effectiveness and convenience. (영문 답변) Autoclaving is a widely used sterilization method in hospitals, laboratories, and pharmaceutical industries.
This method involves the generation of steam under high temperature and pressure conditions to kill microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and spores.
Typically, a temperature of 121°C at 15psi pressure is applied for 15-30 minutes to sterilize most microorganisms. Autoclaving is fast and effective at killing microorganisms, and its adjustable temperature and pressure settings allow for the sterilization of various materials and equipment.
However, heat-sensitive materials or items made from materials like plastic may not be suitable for autoclaving. (영문 답변) Cell-mediated immunity is a type of immune response that involves the direct action of immune cells, such as T cells and natural killer cells, against infected or abnormal cells. This type of immune response is crucial for defending the body against intracellular pathogens, such as viruses and some bacteria, as well as for detecting and destroying cancer cells.
T cells play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. There are two main types of T cells: CD4+ T cells, also known as helper T cells, and CD8+ T cells, also known as cytotoxic T cells. CD4+ T cells help to coordinate the immune response by releasing cytokines that activate other immune cells, while CD8+ T cells directly kill infected or abnormal cells. Natural killer (NK) cells are another type of immune cell involved in cell-mediated immunity. They can recognize and destroy virus-infected and cancerous cells without prior exposure to the specific antigen. NK cells work by recognizing and binding to cell surface molecules on infected or abnormal cells, which leads to the release of cytotoxic granules that induce cell death.
Overall, cell-mediated immunity is essential for protecting the body against intracellular pathogens and cancer cells, and plays an important role in maintaining overall health. (영문 답변) Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that primarily involves T cells and focuses on the recognition and elimination of virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and other aberrant cells. Unlike humoral immunity, which targets extracellular pathogens through antibodies, cell-mediated immunity directly targets and destroys affected cells.
Cell-mediated immunity involves various T cell subsets, such as CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1) cells, and regulatory T cells. CD8+ cytotoxic T cells recognize and destroy cells presenting foreign antigens on their surface via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. They induce apoptosis in the target cells, effectively eliminating infected or abnormal cells. CD4+ Th1 cells primarily secrete cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) to stimulate macrophages and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. Regulatory T cells play a crucial role in controlling immune responses to prevent excessive tissue damage and autoimmunity.
Overall, cell-mediated immunity is essential for fighting intracellular pathogens, tumor cells, and maintaining immune system homeostasis. However, it is only one aspect of the immune response, and the humoral and innate immune responses also play critical roles in maintaining health. (영문 답변) Tuberculosis (TB) is treated with a combination of antibiotics. The most common drugs used to treat TB are isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. These drugs work by killing the bacteria that cause TB or by stopping them from multiplying. TB treatment usually lasts at least six months and sometimes longer. This is because the drugs must be taken for a long time to completely kill all the bacteria.
During treatment, patients are monitored with regular blood tests and imaging studies to evaluate their response to therapy. If necessary, their treatment regimen may be adjusted. It is important to complete the full course of treatment to avoid developing drug-resistant TB. TB medications can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and liver problems. Patients must follow their healthcare provider's instructions closely and report any adverse reactions. If a patient misses doses or stops taking the medication early, it can lead to treatment failure and the development of drug-resistant TB. In conclusion, TB is a treatable disease with effective antibiotics. However, successful treatment requires careful monitoring and adherence to the full course of medication. Standard anti-tuberculosis therapy typically involves the combined use of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for an initial 2-month period, followed by an additional 4 months of treatment with just isoniazid and rifampicin, totaling 6 months. This treatment approach minimizes the emergence of antibiotic resistance and enhances treatment effectiveness by using multiple antibiotics. (영문 답변) NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) are a class of medications used for reducing inflammation, pain, and fever. The most commonly used NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen.
NSAIDs work by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are chemicals that play a key role in inflammation and pain. Prostaglandins are produced by an enzyme called cyclooxygenase (COX), and NSAIDs block the action of this enzyme, reducing the production of prostaglandins. There are two types of COX enzymes: COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is present in many tissues throughout the body and plays a role in maintaining normal cellular processes, such as protecting the stomach lining and regulating blood clotting. COX-2, on the other hand, is produced in response to injury and inflammation and is responsible for the production of prostaglandins that cause pain and inflammation. Different NSAIDs have varying degrees of selectivity for COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition. For example, aspirin irreversibly inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2, while ibuprofen and naproxen are non-selective inhibitors that inhibit both enzymes reversibly. Some newer NSAIDs, such as celecoxib, selectively inhibit COX-2 without affecting COX-1, which may reduce the risk of gastrointestinal side effects. In addition to their effects on prostaglandins, NSAIDs can also have other effects on the body. For example, aspirin can inhibit platelet aggregation, reducing the risk of blood clots, while ibuprofen and naproxen can affect the function of red blood cells and platelets, potentially reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. (영문 답변) NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) are a class of medications that possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic (pain-relieving), and antipyretic (fever-reducing) effects. They are categorized as nonsteroidal because they do not belong to the steroid family of drugs. NSAIDs are commonly used for managing everyday pain and treating inflammatory conditions. Some typical NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and ketoprofen. The primary mechanism of action of NSAIDs involves the inhibition of the key enzyme responsible for causing inflammation, pain, and fever: COX (Cyclooxygenase). COX exists in two main forms, COX-1 and COX-2. These enzymes are involved in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators called prostaglandins within cells. Prostaglandins influence inflammation, pain, fever, and platelet aggregation. By inhibiting both COX-1 and COX-2, NSAIDs reduce the production of prostaglandins, thereby alleviating inflammation, pain, and fever. However, the inhibition of COX-1 can impact gastrointestinal safety and lead to gastrointestinal issues, one of the side effects associated with NSAID use. However, these COX-2 selective inhibitors are also associated with cardiovascular side effects. Therefore, caution and appropriate prescription are required when using NSAIDs. (영문 질문) Please explain the types and mechanisms of action of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and provide references. (영문 답변) Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) are a class of drugs commonly used to treat hypertension, heart failure, and other cardiovascular conditions. They work by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), which is responsible for the production of the hormone angiotensin II. There are several types of ACE inhibitors, including: Enalapril: a prodrug that is converted to the active compound enalaprilat in the liver, it has a longer half-life than captopril and is usually given once a day. Lisinopril: a long-acting ACE inhibitor that is administered once a day, it is commonly used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.
Ramipril: a prodrug that is converted to the active compound ramiprilat in the liver, it has a longer half-life than enalapril and is also given once a day. The mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors involves blocking the activity of ACE, which is responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor that increases blood pressure and also stimulates the release of aldosterone, which increases sodium and water retention. By inhibiting the production of angiotensin II, ACE inhibitors cause vasodilation and decrease blood pressure, as well as decreasing sodium and water retention. ACE inhibitors also have other beneficial effects, including reducing the remodeling of the heart in heart failure and reducing proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy.