| J Korean Biol Nurs Sci > Volume 28(3); 2026 > Article |
|
AUTHORSHIP
SJJ conceptualized and designed the study, collected and analysed the data, and drafted the manuscript; JGR supervised the study design, critically reviewed data interpretation, and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
VAP = Ventilator-associated pneumonia; VAE = Ventilator-associated event; VAC = Ventilator-associated condition; IVAC = Infection-related ventilator-associated complication; PVAP = Possible ventilator-associated pneumonia; ICU = Intensive care unit; NCU = Neurological intensive care unit; CCU = Coronary care unit; CSU = Cardiocerebrovascular intensive care unit; DMV = duration of mechanical ventilation.
†Events indicate the number of event episodes. ‡Rate per 1,000 ventilator-days.
| Variables | Study population | VAP | VAE | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VAC-Plus | IVAC-Plus | PVAP | |||||||||||
| Yes (n = 31) | No (n = 911) | χ2/Z | Yes (n = 79) | No (n = 863) | χ2/Z | Yes (n = 37) | No (n = 905) | χ2/Z | Yes (n = 19) | No (n = 923) | χ2/Z | ||
| Sex | 6.51* | 0.24 | 3.61 | 0.05 | |||||||||
| Men | 572 (60.7) | 12 (38.7) | 560 (61.5) | 50 (63.3) | 522 (60.5) | 28 (75.7) | 544 (60.1) | 12 (63.2) | 560 (60.7) | ||||
| Women | 370 (39.3) | 19 (61.3) | 351 (38.5) | 29 (36.7) | 341 (39.5) | 9 (24.3) | 361 (39.9) | 7 (36.8) | 363 (39.3) | ||||
| Age group (years) | 6.24* | 1.57 | 0.30 | 2.72 | |||||||||
| ≤ 39 | 39 (4.1) | 4 (12.9) | 35 (3.8) | 5 (6.3) | 34 (3.9) | 2 (5.4) | 37 (4.1) | 2 (10.5) | 37 (4.0) | ||||
| 40-64 | 283 (30.0) | 8 (25.8) | 275 (30.2) | 26 (32.9) | 257 (29.8) | 12 (32.4) | 271 (29.9) | 7 (36.8) | 276 (29.9) | ||||
| ≥ 65 | 620 (65.8) | 19 (61.3) | 601 (66.0) | 48 (60.8) | 572 (66.3) | 23 (62.2) | 597 (66.0) | 10 (52.6) | 610 (66.1) | ||||
| Comorbidities | |||||||||||||
| Hypertension | 507 (53.8) | 13 (41.9) | 494 (54.2) | 1.82 | 32 (40.5) | 475 (55.0) | 6.15* | 13 (35.1) | 494 (54.6) | 5.41* | 6 (31.6) | 501 (54.3) | 3.86* |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 141 (15.0) | 9 (29.0) | 132 (14.5) | 4.98* | 11 (13.9) | 130 (15.1) | 0.07 | 5 (13.5) | 136 (15.0) | 0.06 | 2 (10.5) | 139 (15.1) | 0.30 |
| Department | 9.80** | 10.48** | 3.72 | 7.36 | |||||||||
| Medical | 655 (69.5) | 14 (45.2) | 641 (70.4) | 50 (63.3) | 605 (70.1) | 23 (62.2) | 632 (69.8) | 11 (57.9) | 644 (69.8) | ||||
| Surgical | 158 (16.8) | 8 (25.8) | 150 (16.5) | 9 (11.4) | 149 (17.3) | 5 (13.5) | 153 (16.9) | 4 (21.1) | 154 (16.7) | ||||
| Other | 129 (13.7) | 9 (29.0) | 120 (13.2) | 20 (25.3) | 109 (12.6) | 9 (24.3) | 120 (13.3) | 4 (21.1) | 125 (13.5) | ||||
| APACHE Ⅱ score | 25.0 (21.0, 29.0) | 25.0 (21.0, 28.0) | 25.0 (21.0, 29.0) | -0.752 | 25.0 (21.0, 30.0) | 25.0 (21.0, 29.0) | -0.296 | 25.0 (21.0, 29.5) | 25.0 (21.0, 29.5) | -0.06 | 25.0 (21.3, 27.0) | 25.0 (21.0, 29.0) | -0.60 |
| DMV (days) | 8.0 (5.0, 14.3) | 16.0 (10.0, 26.0) | 8.0 (4.0, 14.0) | −5.12*** | 16.0 (11.0, 25.0) | 7.0 (4.0, 14.0) | −8.86*** | 21.0 (14.5, 31.0) | 8.0 (4.0, 14.0) | −7.09*** | 23.0 (15.0, 32.0) | 8.0 (4.0, 14.0) | −5.24*** |
| 3-7 | 439 (46.6) | 3 (9.7) | 436 (47.9) | 29.67*** | 4 (5.1) | 435 (50.4) | 82.44*** | 0 (0.0) | 439 (48.5) | 71.87*** | 0 (0.0) | 439 (47.6) | 49.83*** |
| 8-14 | 268 (28.5) | 9 (29.0) | 259 (28.4) | 28 (35.4) | 240 (27.8) | 9 (24.3) | 259 (28.6) | 4 (21.1) | 264 (28.6) | ||||
| 15-21 | 130 (13.8) | 9 (29.0) | 121 (13.3) | 22 (27.8) | 108 (12.5) | 12 (32.4) | 118 (13.0) | 4 (21.1) | 126 (13.7) | ||||
| 22-28 | 54 (5.7) | 5 (16.1) | 49 (5.4) | 10 (12.7) | 44 (5.1) | 6 (16.2) | 48 (5.3) | 5 (26.3) | 49 (5.3) | ||||
| 29-56 | 45 (4.8) | 5 (16.1) | 40 (4.4) | 13 (16.5) | 32 (3.7) | 8 (21.6) | 37 (4.1) | 5 (26.3) | 40 (4.3) | ||||
| ≥ 57 | 6 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (0.7) | 2 (2.5) | 4 (0.5) | 2 (5.4) | 4 (0.4) | 1 (5.3) | 5 (0.5) | ||||
| EN | 526 (55.8) | 20 (64.5) | 506 (55.5) | 0.98 | 47 (59.5) | 479 (55.5) | 0.47 | 21 (56.8) | 505 (55.8) | 0.01 | 9 (47.4) | 517 (56.0) | 0.56 |
| IV steroid use | 419 (44.5) | 21 (67.7) | 398 (43.7) | 7.02** | 45 (57.0) | 374 (43.3) | 5.45* | 22 (59.5) | 397 (43.9) | 3.50 | 15 (78.9) | 404 (43.8) | 9.32** |
| DS (%) | 80.0 (29.3, 100.0) | 90.6 (44.4, 100.0) | 80.0 (28.6, 100.0) | −1.05 | 94.1 (70.6, 100.0) | 78.9 (25.9, 100.0) | −2.83** | 93.5 (67.9, 100.0) | 80.0 (28.4, 100.0) | −1.82 | 97.5 (82.7, 100.0) | 80.0 (28.6, 100.0) | −2.41* |
| First 3 days | 55.6 (11.1, 100.0) | 100.0 (44.4, 100.0) | 55.6 (11.1, 100.0) | −2.75** | 88.9 (44.4, 100.0) | 44.4 (0.0, 100.0) | −5.10*** | 100.0 (66.7, 100.0) | 55.6 (5.6, 100.0) | −4.32*** | 100.0 (66.7, 100.0) | 55.6 (11.1, 100.0) | −3.64*** |
| First 7 days | 28.6 (4.8, 61.6) | 52.4 (19.0, 100.0) | 28.6 (4.8, 61.9) | −2.71** | 85.7 (42.9, 100.0) | 23.8 (4.8, 57.1) | −7.91*** | 90.5 (64.3, 100.0) | 23.8 (4.8, 57.1) | −6.84*** | 100.0 (76.2, 100.0) | 23.8 (4.8, 61.9) | −5.71*** |
| % of ICU days | 21.4 (7.1, 44.4) | 30.41 (16.7, 50.0) | 21.4 (6.7, 44.4) | −1.23 | 42.9 (18.2, 69.2) | 20.0 (6.3, 42.3) | −5.04*** | 54.5 (23.3, 70.6) | 20.0 (6.5, 42.9) | −4.52*** | 56.3 (29.7, 69.4) | 20.0 (6.7, 44.0) | −4.21*** |
| LOS ICU (days) | 14.0 (8.0, 22.0) | 21.0 (14.0, 28.0) | 14.0 (8.0, 21.0) | −3.67*** | 21.0 (15.0, 29.0) | 13.0 (8.0, 20.0) | −6.07*** | 23.0 (15.0, 32.5) | 13.0 (8.0, 21.0) | −4.95*** | 24.5 (15.5, 33.3) | 14.0 (8.0, 21.0) | −3.52*** |
Categorical variables are presented as n (%), continuous variables are presented as median (interquartile range [IQR)] and compared using the Mann-Whitney U test.
VAP = Ventilator-associated pneumonia; VAE = Ventilator-associated event; VAC = Ventilator-associated condition; IVAC = Infection-related ventilator-associated complication; PVAP = Possible ventilator-associated pneumonia; APACHEⅡ = Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II; DMV = Duration of mechanical ventilation; EN = Early nutritional support; IV = Intravenous; DS = Deep sedation; LOS = Length of stay; ICU = Intensive care unit.
Bold values indicate p < .01 for the variables of primary interest included in the multivariable logistic regression models, excluding covariates. Values in the “Yes” columns represent the number of patients with at least one event, not the total number of event episodes. Only the first event per patient was included in the analysis of associated factors.
Models were adjusted for sex, age group, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, and department.
VAP = Ventilator-associated pneumonia; VAE = Ventilator-associated event; VAC = Ventilator-associated condition; IVAC = Infection-related ventilator-associated complication; PVAP = Possible ventilator-associated pneumonia; OR = Odds ratio; CI = Confidence interval; IV = Intravenous; DMV = Duration of mechanical ventilation; DS = Deep sedation; ICU = Intensive care unit; df = Degrees of freedom.
†Indicates dummy variables. Reference categories (variable) = women (sex); < 39 years (age group); no comorbidity (comorbidities); other (department); no IV steroid use (IV steroid use).
Seo Jin Jeon
https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0928-5296
Jae Geum Ryu
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5729-7680