서 론
1. 연구의 필요성
Table 1.
*Lee et al [4].
연구 방법
2. 연구 대상
3. 자료 수집
4. 자료 분석
Table 2.
Authors (year) | Study design | Participants | Program types & duration | Measurements | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||
Shin et al. (2007)15) | One group pre-posttest design | 28 adults |
Forest healing camp (meditation, watching movies, walk, challenging physical activities) 2 nights 3 days in spring (E1) & fall (E2) |
Anxiety Depression |
Decreased anxiety & depression. |
Yeoun (2007)16) | One group pre-posttest design | 47 adults with alcohol dependence and their families |
Forest healing program (meditation, hiking, nature-experiencing physical activities) 2 weeks/month for 3 months |
Anxiety Self-respect |
Decreased anxiety & increased in self-respect |
Yeoun (2007)17) | One group pre-posttest design |
Alcohol dependents and their family 1st: 201 2nd: 167 3rd: 158 |
1st: meditation in forest etc. 2nd: day brake tike hiking and working in the forest etc. 3rd: hiking with wordless etc. |
Depression | Effectively decreased in depression |
Cho et al. (2008)18) | Quasi-experimental design (non-equivalent control group pre-posttest design) | 31 alcohol dependance patients & 18 their families |
2 nights 3 days Forest healing program (communicating with the forest, experience in the forest, writing a letter in the forest) |
Emotional stability (anxiety, depression) Acceptance behavior Stress Self-esteem |
Emotional stability improved in patients & their families Acceptance behavior improved families Self-esteem elevated in patients |
Song, et al. (2009)19) | Quasi-experimental design (non-equivalent control group prepost design) |
70 unmarried mothers E: 35 C: 35 |
1 per week 8 times Initial stage : meditation in forest etc. Middle stage : meditation in forest etc. Final stage: meditation in forest etc. |
BDI Self-esteem |
E: effectively decreased in depression & improved self-esteem |
Choi et al. (2011)20) | Quasi-experimental design (non-equivalent control group pre-posttest design) |
10 healthy men in 20’s E: 5, C: 5 |
E: forest walking 25 min*3 times/week, 12 times |
Heart rate variability: stress index, fatigue index | Decreased levels of stress and fatigue on heart rate variability |
Hong et al. (2012)21) | One group pre-posttest design | 16 adults with Hwa-Byung | 3 days Hwa-Byung forest healing program (including walking, oriental music therapy, natural herbal food intake & Qi-Qong) |
Hwa-Byung symptom Depression Anxiety Anger QoL Heart rate variability |
Hwa-Byung symptom, depression, anxiety, anger & QoL improved Only mean heart rate decreased SDNN, TP, LF, HF & LF/HF not changed |
Woo, et al. (2012)10) | Quasi-experimental design (nonequivalent control group prepost design) |
81 depression patients E1: 28 E2: 21 E3: 15 C: 17 |
1 per week for 3 hours. Total 4 times E1:healing in forest program with meditation E2: psychotherapy in hospital E3: simple forest bath at near forest C: 1-2 per week visiting outpatient department for 4weeks |
HRSD MADRS BDI SF-36 Heart rate variability |
E1: effectively decreased in HRSD, MADRS, and improved SF-36 & increased HF power |
Hong et al. (2013)22) | One group pre-posttest design | 15 mild cognitive impairment patients | 3 days forest healing program (including walking, oriental music therapy, natural herbal food intake & Qi-Qong) |
Cognitive function Depression Anxiety Anger QoL |
Cognitive function, anxiety & anger not changed Depression & QoL enhanced |
Lee & Lee (2013)23) | One group pre-posttest design | 31 adults (M:13, F:18) | 1 night 2 days, (including climbing forest road, meditation & lectures on health) |
Occupational stress Psychosocial stress Anxiety |
Occupational stress decreased in men Psychosocial stress decreased in men, women & total Anxiety was not decreased |
Choi & Ha (2014)24) | Quasi-experimental design (non-equivalent control group pre-posttest design) |
53 community dwelling cancer patients E: 26 patients C: 27 patients |
8 times in 120 min. Forest activities (walking, meditation, playing etc) |
Depression Resilience (selfregulation, interpersonal, positivity & total resilience) |
Depression improved Resilience of all subcategories Improved |
Lee, et al. (2014)25) | One group pre-posttest design |
Psychological survey: 35 male, 38 female university students Physiological: 16 35male, 18 female university students |
20 positive negative photos on the forest |
PANAS Attentional recovery scale 2 channel EEG |
Effectively improved in PANAS & attentional recovery scale Significantly increased α wave activity of left & right brain in the positive visual stimulus compared to negative visual stimulus |
Lim et al. (2014)26) | Quasi-experimental design: 3 groups |
64 elders of nursing home E1: 22 elderly E2: 21 elderly C: 21 elderly |
1 per week for 90 min, 11 times, including meditation & experiencing forest E1: therapy program in the forest E2: therapy program conducted in doors |
Self-esteem Depression |
E1 & E2: increased self esteem & decreased depression |
Kim & Lee (2014)27) | Quasi-experimental design (non-equivalent control group pre-posttest design) |
67 university students E: 35, C: 32 (M: 33, F: 34) |
Forest therapy program (breathing, meditation, watching forest, forest walking with listening the sound of forest) 50 min/time, total 8 times for 6 weeks |
Employment stress Anxiety |
Reduced employment stress and anxiety |
Park, et al. (2014)8) | 3 experimental groups without control group, pre-post test |
70 adults E1: 25 for forest therapy activities E2: 20 hiking forest bathing E3: 25 aerobic activities |
E1: 4 exercise, climate, plants, psycho therapy at Jansung forest for 90 min E2: hiking forest & bathing at Jansung forest for 90 min E3: aerobic activities at K aerobic center for 90 min. |
Blood pressure Stress resistance Stress Index Physical stress Mental stress |
E1: effectively improved in stress resistance and decreased in physical stress and decreased in systolic blood pressure E2: effectively decreased mental stress E1 & E2: effectively decreased in stress index |
Song, et al. (2014)13) |
Quasi-experimental design (non-equivalent control group prepost test) Content analysis |
53 female nursing university students E: 27 C: 26 |
3 hours/week, 12 times in the school forest 6 therapy (plant, water, diet, climate, exercise, psychotherapy) included. |
Stress response Spiritual health |
E : effectively decreased in stress responses and improved spiritual health |
Kim & Kim (2015)28) | Quasi-experimental design (non-equivalent control group pre-posttest design) |
32 university students (M: 13, F: 19) |
E : Exposure to simulated photographs of the healing forest with low or high encounter levels |
Perceived crowding Stress Mood state Perceived environmental restorativeness Serum cortisol |
High encounter level was related with increased perceived crowding, and improved mood state and perceived environmental restorativeness Cortisol was not related with encounter level. |
Shin, et al. (2015)9) | 2 experimental groups without control group, pre-post test |
25 middle aged women (>45) with menopause symptom E1: 11 (with mild symptom E2: 10 (with moderate symptom) |
1 per week 10 times 5 therapy (diet, climate, exercise, bromatotherapy, psychotherapy) included in Y park at Seoul |
Mental health Menopausal symptom Melatonin |
E1 & E2: effectively decreased in menopausal symptom and improved in mental health. No changed in melatonin |
Shin, et al., (2015)29) | 2 group pre-post test |
62 adults E1: 38 public servants, E2: 24 mental health care workers |
2 days healing in forest program |
Job stress POMS |
E1 & E2: effectively decreased in job stress & show significant effects on the POMS |
Choi et al.(2016)30) | Quasi-experimental design (non-equivalent control group pre-posttest design) |
Forest exercise group: 12 middle-aged women Indoor exercise group: 12 middle-aged women |
3 times/week, 80 min/day, 12-week forest exercise |
Blood lipid SOD Melatonin |
HDL & triglyceride improved in forest exercise group SOD & melatonin improved in forest exercise group |
Jeoun et al,(2016)31) | One group pre-posttest design | 104 maladjusted soldiers |
6 times Experience and play in nature & meditation |
Military life stress Personal relationship |
Stress decreased The interpersonal relationship with the executives and senior citizens improved. |
Kim et al.(2016)32) | Quasi-experimental design: 3 groups |
21 middle-aged women E1: 7, E2: 6, E3: 8 |
EFT program (E1: forest meditative walking group, E2: EFT in urban areas, E3: EFT in the forest) 60 min/week for 3 weeks |
Menopause symptoms QoL |
No significant changes in menopause symptoms and QoL between pre-post tests among 3 groups. Decreased menopause symptoms and increased QoL between pre- and follow-up (2weeks after posttest) tests. |
Jeon & Shin (2017)33) | One group pre-posttest design | 30 healthy college students | 6 times, Indirect forest experience such as scenery & sound of both forest & urban space | Mood states |
Suppressing tension, fatigue, anger, confusion, depression & enhancement of vitality Enhancing pleasant, natural feeling & calmness |
Kim et al. (2017)34) | Quasi-experimental design (non-equivalent control group pre-posttest design) |
46 elders E: 37, C: 9 (M: 12, F: 34) |
Forest healing program (physical, mental, and social activities) 2 hours*1 time/week E1: 4 times E2: 8 times E3: 12 times |
Mental health Melatonin |
E2 and E3 groups significantly increased mental health status. No significant change in serum melatonin levels among 3 groups |
Park et al. (2017)35) | One group pre-posttest design |
221 adults (M: 57, F: 164) |
Forest healing program (walking in the forest, hydro-therapy, meditation) 1 night 2 days |
Stress Positive and negative affect |
Stress and negative affect significantly reduced No significant change in positive affect |
E=Experimental group; C=Control group; BDI=Beck depression inventory; QoL=Qoulity of life; SDNN=Standard deviation of all the normal to normal intervals; TP=Total power; LF=Low frequency; HF=High frequency; HRSD=Hamilton rating scale for depression; MADRS=Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale; SF-36=Short form health survey questionnaire; M=Male; F=Female; PANAS=Positive & negative attitude scale; EEG=Electroencephalogram; POMS=Profile of mood state; SOD=Superozide dismutase; HDL=High-density lipoprotein; EFT=Emotional freedom technique.